The Russian evacuation from Syria, and in particular from Tartous and Latakia, can indeed be seen in the light of the geostrategic battle over gas in the Mediterranean and Syria's central role in this dynamic. Here's how these elements can come together:
Gas resources in the Mediterranean
The gas reserves discovered in the Mediterranean, particularly off Syria, Lebanon and Israel, have changed the regional energy equation. These discoveries make the Eastern Mediterranean a key area for transporting and exporting gas to Europe. Indeed :
- Israel is already exploiting its gas fields, such as Tamar and Leviathan.
- Lebanon was hoping to start production, although this has been delayed by political conflicts.
- Syria, although weakened, is strategic for the transport of gas, particularly from Iran.
Control of Syria is therefore of paramount importance: it is a potential hub for Iranian and Mediterranean gas, competing with projects backed by the United States and Europe (such as Nabucco).
The Iran-Iraq-Syria agreement: a response to Nabucco
In 2011, the agreement signed between Iran, Iraq and Syria to transport Iranian gas to Syria was clearly a counter-project to the US-backed Nabucco pipeline. This agreement has several implications:
- It offers Iran a geostrategic alternative for exporting its gas to Europe without passing through Turkey or being under Western control.
- It undermines the ambitions of Turkey, which was hoping to become a major energy hub with Nabucco.
- It represents a major blow to the United States and its European allies, who want to reduce Europe's energy dependence on Russia and Iran.
Russia's military intervention in 2015 to support Assad was intended, among other things, to protect these energy interests: to prevent the overthrow of the Syrian regime, which would have favoured American and Turkish projects.
The Russian evacuation: a strategic repositioning?
The evacuation of Russian forces from Tartous and Latakia could be explained by several factors:
- Military priorities: Russia, bogged down in Ukraine, can no longer devote as many resources to protecting its positions in Syria. Tartous, despite its status as a strategic port, is becoming secondary in the context of a war that is spreading over two fronts.
- Economic re-evaluation: The Iran-Iraq-Syria project has been weakened. If Assad falls, Russia will lose some of its influence over this energy corridor, which could lead it to evacuate its interests rather than risk a confrontation with the United States or Israel.
- The global energy context: With the end of Nord Stream and Gazprom's refocusing on Asia, Russia may find that its energy objectives no longer go via the Mediterranean.
In other words, Russia may have decided to withdraw tactically in the face of a situation in which its energy influence in the Mediterranean is weakening, particularly as a result of pressure from the West and Israel.
The United States and Turkey: potential winners?
The Russian evacuation weakens the Syrian regime, which could :
- Reopen the way for US-backed energy projects (such as Nabucco or modernised alternatives).
- Restore Turkey's central role as an energy corridor between Central Asia, Iran and Europe. Even if Ankara is unhappy with the delay of Nabucco, this situation places it once again in a position of strength.
Iran: between weakness and nuclear opportunity
Russia's weakening puts Iran in a critical situation:
- Iran is losing major logistical support in Syria, limiting its ability to maintain its Shiite corridor to the Mediterranean.
- This accentuates its energy and strategic isolation. Iran could then accelerate its nuclear programme as a means of deterrence in the face of a deteriorating situation.
Russia's evacuation from Syria must be seen in a wider energy and geostrategic context. The struggle for control of gas routes in the eastern Mediterranean, particularly between the US-backed Nabucco projects and the Iran-Iraq-Syria agreement, remains a key factor. By partially withdrawing, Russia appears to be losing a strategic gamble that has lasted for several years, paving the way for a redeployment of Western allies and Turkey to shape the region's energy future.