China’s “String of Pearls” and India's Two Front War Predicament : Analysis

Djibouti says its container port to remain in state hands

NAIROBI (Reuters) - Djibouti’s container port will remain in state hands as the government seeks investment, a senior official said on Wednesday in comments likely to reassure Washington where lawmakers say they fear it could be ceded to China.

The Doraleh Container Terminal is a key asset for Djibouti, a tiny state on the Red Sea whose location is of strategic value to countries such as the United States, China, Japan and former colonial power France, all of whom have military bases there.

Djibouti last month terminated the concession of Dubai’s state-owned DP World to run the port, citing a failure to resolve a six-year contractual dispute.

The cancellation accelerated diplomatic competition in Djibouti and renewed concerns in a number of capitals that other nations could use it to strengthen their influence.

The port would remain “in the hands of our nation” as the government seeks new investors, said Djibouti’s Inspector General Hassan Issa Sultan, who oversees infrastructure for President Ismail Omar Guelleh.

“There is no China option and no secret plans for the Doraleh Container Terminal,” he told Reuters in an interview. “The port is now 100 percent managed by the state.”

The top U.S. general for Africa told U.S. lawmakers last week the military could face “significant” consequences should China take control of the terminal. Lawmakers said they had seen reports that Djibouti had seized control of the port to give it to China as a gift.

In one measure of Djibouti’s strategic value, Rex Tillerson visited the country last week in his capacity as U.S. Secretary of State. It was one of just five African countries he went to on a tour of the continent.

Tillerson, who was fired on Tuesday by U.S. President Donald Trump, urged the government to improve the investment climate.

“ILLEGAL SEIZURE”
DP World called Djibouti’s move an illegal seizure. It said it had begun proceedings before the London Court of International Arbitration, which last year cleared the company of all charges of misconduct over the concession.

The Djibouti government says the ports operator deliberately did not develop the container terminal and instead routed transhipments through its Jebel Ali port in Dubai.

“Our ultimate goal remains to invest strongly in the attractiveness of Doraleh and other port facilities in the country,” Sultan said.

The port opened in 2009 and has a capacity of 1.6 million tonnes annually that was never met by DP World. In 2016, the company signed a concession to develop a rival port in neighboring Somaliland.

“It became quite clear that DP World didn’t want the port to be developed because it never did more that 50 percent of the capacity,” Sultan said. “They were a constraint on the port activity.”

DP World declined to comment on Wednesday, citing ongoing legal proceedings.

Weeks after cancelling DP World’s concession, the state-owned company managing Doraleh signed a deal with Singapore-based Pacific International Lines to raise by a third the amount of cargo handled there.

In a sign of growing regional rivalries over DP World’s investments, Somalia’s parliament voted on Monday to ban the company. It also said DP World’s concession to develop the port in the breakaway Somaliland region was void.
 
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Every thing looks good in peace time, do these pearls have the depth to support chinese in war against India. How much it would take to neutralize these pearls?
 
USS Preble, INS Tarkash Sail Together, Exchange Crew

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'Alphabet soup' of Navy missions dots Indian Ocean

NEW DELHI: Ten months since it re-oriented the mission pattern of its fleet, the navy has told the government it has the Indian Ocean covered with an alphabet soup of acronyms. GULFDEP to MALDEP is the new naval lingo to describe the Indian Navy’s area of responsibility.

The re-orientation to “Mission based deployments” (MDP) has meant that nearly 15 warships of the Indian Navy are patrolling seven areas of the waters around India, beyond the country’s Exclusive Economic Zone, keeping an eye on all entry and exit routes to and from the Indian Ocean.

The ships are tasked round the clock, round the year. Each warship is turned around after three months. The last of the deployments for the year since the new pattern was begun in end-May 2017 and announced in October 2017 has just started. Warships generally avoid sailing through the international maritime highways, unless specifically tasked, and usually go from point A to point B in zig-zag pattern to cover more area.

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Many of the Sea Lanes of Communications (SLOCs) that international mercantile marine traverses also sit astride part of China’s vaunted “Maritime Silk Road” from the South China Sea to Africa. Nearly 80 per cent of China’s energy supplies go through these routes.

The seven deployments are:
MALDEP: An IN ship is permanently sailing near the mouths of the Straits of Malacca;
NORDEP: Patrolling of the North Bay of Bengal, in waters north of the Andamans and the coasts of

Bangladesh and Myanmar;
ANDEP: Patrolling between the North Andamans and South Nicobar;
GULFDEP: Patrolling of the North Arabian Sea and the approaches to the Strait of Hormuz and the

Persian Gulf;
POGDEP: Anti-piracy patrolling of the Gulf of Aden, the oldest of the missions;
CENDEP: Patrolling in waters south of India, off the Maldives and Sri Lanka;
IODEP: Patrolling in the South Indian Ocean, off Mauritius, the Seychelles and Madagascar.

In addition to these deployments, Long Range Maritime Reconnaissance (LRMR) aircraft – the Boeing-made Poseidon 8i planes – are tasked with flying sorties, sometimes up to the South China Sea, almost every day, from INS Rajali in Arakonnam, Tamil Nadu.
Over the months since the MDP, the acronyms that began as colloquialisms have become part of navy jargon.

“We have the Indian Ocean covered,” a top officer overseeing the deployments told The Sunday Standard. “From GULFDEP to MALDEP, we can see every Chinese vessel, most certainly.”
He was referring to surface ships of the Chinese Peoples’ Liberation Army-Navy (PLAN). Chinese submarines were spotted, when they were, more infrequently.

In December, the navy chief, Admiral Sunil Lanba, had said that at least eight ships of the PLAN were in the Indian Ocean Region “at any given time”. These included three for their anti-piracy patrol that China too began in 2008. Twice a year, PLAN submarines criss-crossed waters close to India in an anti-piracy deployment that befuddles most navies. It is not understood why submarines should be used as platforms to counter piracy off the Horn of Africa.

The pattern of Chinese deployment in the IOR was markedly different in August last year when the number of PLAN vessels suddenly rose to 14.

The Indian Navy also picked up a Chinese flotilla that sailed through the South China Sea, entered the Indian Ocean through the Sunda Strait, took a U-turn, and returned through the Strait of Lombok in February this year. The manoeuvre coincided with the turbulence in the Maldives. But the flotilla was far from the archipelago.

The intelligence collected by the seven navy deployments is fed into, apart from the Directorate of Naval Operations (DNO), the Information Management and Analysis Centre (IMAC) near the national capital. The navy has its own satellite, Rukmini.
 
INDIA-FRANCE New equations
A European power joins the efforts of countries such as the United States and Japan to convert India into a regional military counterweight to China. By JOHN CHERIAN
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That India now is firmly in the military ambit of the Western powers has been further illustrated by the latest slew of defence agreements it has signed with France. During the visit of French President Emmanuel Macron to India in the middle of March, the most important agreement inked was the “Reciprocal Logistics Support Agreement”. The two countries have now officially agreed to open up their bases for use by their militaries. Indian warships will now be allowed to dock in French ports that dot the Indian and Pacific Oceans.

France still has many colonial enclaves scattered all over the world. In the Indian Ocean, the Reunion Islands near Mauritius is a French colony. The Indian Navy trains the Mauritian Navy and has a foothold in the country. According to Indian officials, the agreement with France will help the Indian Navy expand its footprint considerably in the Indian Ocean region.

France has military bases in the United Arab Emirates and Djibouti too. It will now have access to basing facilities for its ships in the ports that dot India’s long coastline and also in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which lie close to the crucial Malacca Straits. Much of China’s maritime trade passes through the Malacca Straits. China has also recently acquired a military base in Djibouti. The small country in the Horn of Africa has the dubious distinction of hosting two other foreign military bases, that of the United States and Japan.

India, too, is in the race to acquire permanent military bases in the Indian Ocean region and elsewhere. The Indian government was on the verge of clinching a military basing agreement with the Republic of Seychelles, but it came unstuck in March this year after the draft agreement of the deal was published in a local newspaper. The agreement was signed when Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid an official visit there in 2015. According to reports, India and France were to jointly develop a military base in Seychelles. The opposition in the Indian Ocean island republic has raised strong objections to some of the clauses in the agreement which allegedly infringe on the country’s sovereignty. The opposition has a majority in the country’s parliament, and its leader announced in late March that the basing deal was no longer valid.

The basing agreement signed between India and France is similar to the Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agreement (LEMOA) signed between India and the U.S. in 2016. The previous United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government, despite the close ties that existed between Washington and New Delhi at the time, refused to sign the LEMOA, which for all practical purposes is a “basing” agreement that would allow the U.S. military to access Indian military bases.

So far, India has signed LEMOA-like agreements only with the U.S. and France, two leading members of the powerful North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) military alliance that have shared geostrategic interests. France and Germany, the two leading European powers, are engaged in building a strong military alliance of their own. At the recent Munich Security Conference, senior German and French officials conveyed their strong support to the Asian Quad, a military grouping comprising the U.S., Japan, India and Australia, which was reactivated last year.

Military front against China
The Quad was created at Washington’s instance to present a united military front against China in the Indian Ocean region. In an obvious attempt to massage the ego of India’s ruling establishment, the Donald Trump administration even started describing the Asia Pacific region as the Indo-Pacific. Admiral Harry Harris, the head of the U.S. Pacific Command who was recently on a visit to Delhi, said that it was “crystal clear” that Beijing wanted to dominate the South China Sea. “The reality is that China is a disruptive transitional force in the Indo-Pacific. They are the owners of the trust deficit,” he said.

China is of the view that the Quad was specifically created to disrupt its grandiose Belt Road project and stymie its economy. The Japanese government, another all-weather ally of the U.S., has also called for a “free and open Indo-Pacific strategy”. The Japanese say that their policy envisages the building of “high quality” infrastructure in the region. Tokyo has earmarked $200 billion for infrastructure projects in the region to take on China’s Belt Road initiative.

In a White Paper published in 2013, the French government also noted that the rise of China had an impact on the established “equilibrium in East Asia”. The paper emphasised the importance of securing European (read NATO) access to the Indian Ocean. The White Paper also pointed out that France “plays a particular role in the Indian Ocean reinforced by the development of privileged relations with India”. The UPA government had found it prudent to stay away from military alliances with Western powers. In 2006, during the first UPA government, India did participate in a quadrilateral military exercise involving the U.S., Japan and Australia. But better sense prevailed and India withdrew from the Quad. Australia, under a Labour government, had also opted out of the original Quad.

But with right-wing governments in power in India and Australia, the quadrilateral military alliance against China has been revived. The U.S. State Department has announced that in the next meeting of the Quad, the Maldives issue will be discussed. Both Washington and New Delhi claim that the Maldives is now in Beijing’s political and economic ambit and that the Chinese have plans to eventually build a military base there. No objections have been raised against Saudi Arabia leasing one of the islands in the Maldives or to the spread there of Wahhabi fundamentalism originating from the Arabian peninsula.

The alleged threat to the freedom of navigation posed by China and its growing economic and strategic footprint in the Indian Ocean region is used as a pretext to build up new military alliances. Most countries in the region have preferred to stay out of the military alliances being promoted by the West, India being a prominent exception. However, India has not sent its warships to the disputed areas of South China Sea so far. The French have said that they would be happy to join the Americans in military exercises in the South China Sea to protect “freedom of navigation”.

The French government’s Defence and National Security Strategic Review of 2017 identifies China as a military and strategic threat after it acquired a base in Djibouti and a “support facility” in the Pakistani port of Gwadar. “This trend reflects China’s strategic ambition to develop a long term naval influence in a maritime area extending from the South China Sea to the whole Indian Ocean,” the Review noted. Sections of the Indian establishment are also urging that the Indian military involve itself in the South China Sea. The Chinese government has strongly signalled that it considers the Quad as a military grouping specifically formed to counter Beijing in the Indo-Pacific region.

U.S.’ role in Africa
India’s signing of the LEMOA-like agreement with France signals an intensification of defence relationships in many areas, including deeper military to military exchanges, strategic and regional cooperation and expanded collaboration in and sharing of defence technology, and cooperation on trade issues. NATO these days is busy hyping up tensions with Russia while the U.S. is working overtime to stitch up a military alliance against China in the Asia Pacific region. France, along with the U.S., is playing the role of the gendarme on the African continent. France has military bases in its former colonies such as Cote d'Ivoire and Burkina Faso. The U.S. is busy pulling more and more sub-Saharan African countries into its military alliance.

The latest country to agree to U.S. military presence on its soil is Ghana. The opposition parties in Ghana had objected to the government’s move and boycotted the parliament in protest. The opposition said that the agreement gave unlimited access for U.S. forces to Ghana’s military facilities. Ghana’s Kwame Nkrumah, along with Jawaharlal Nehru, was vociferous in his opposition to foreign military bases. The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) remains opposed to the establishment of foreign bases. One of its longest standing demands was for the removal of the U.S. military base in Diego Garcia. The island legally belongs to Mauritius. India is now silent on this demand.

Since the end of the Cold War, the anti-imperialist world view of leaders who led the anti-colonial struggle has no longer been visible in many developing countries. India has been no exception. Since the beginning of the 1990s it has been slowly but inexorably moving into the Western camp. The National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government led by the Bharatiya Janata Party has only accelerated the move.

A rising China has rattled not only the West but also Asian countries such as India and Japan. The Indian leadership has chosen to view China as a strategic rival though both countries are members of important international groupings such as BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO). The Indian government has been surprised by the rapid diplomatic and economic strides the Chinese have made in the South Asian region, especially in areas which it considers its backyard. But it is also a fact that China continues to be India’s biggest trading partner. The Chinese Communist Party has always stressed that its eventual rise to superpower status will be through “peaceful means” unlike the country that today enjoys the sole superpower status.

Macron told the media in New Delhi that his country’s increasing involvement in the region was motivated by the growing tensions and rivalries between the major powers. “A strong part of our security and the world’s stability is at stake in the Indian Ocean. The Indian Ocean, like the Pacific Ocean, cannot become a place of hegemony,” he pronounced. Both the French and Indian leaderships have accused China of having hegemonic designs. A “Strategic Vision” document that was released during Macron’s visit pledged “to increase the exchange of information on the maritime situation in the Indian Ocean” and to jointly develop “a maritime surveillance satellite focused on the Indian Ocean”. The main task of this satellite is no doubt to track the movement of Chinese ships in the Indian Ocean. The French have also now joined the efforts of countries like the U.S. and Japan in the ongoing efforts of converting India into a regional military counterweight to China.

In this endeavour there is also plenty of money to be made. The U.S. and France have sold billions of dollars of weaponry to India in the last couple of years. India had signed a controversial deal with France for the purchase of 36 Rafale fighter planes for $8 billion. During Macron’s recent visit, France and India signed deals worth more than $16 billion. India will be buying additional nuclear-capable Scorpene submarines and Rafale jets from France.
 
China-India Projects To Include ‘Railway Line’

The ministry of economy confirmed China and India are planning to implement joint development projects in Afghanistan.
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The Ministry of Economy (MoE) on Sunday said China and India have agreed to implement joint development projects in Afghanistan and that a railway line between Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Iran and China is one of these projects.

MoE officials said Indian’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Chinese President Xi Jinping made the decision during their two-day summit in China that wrapped up on Saturday.

Although no details have been released about the joint projects the economic ministry said the railway line between Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Iran and China is one of the projects.

The ministry’s spokesman Suhrab Bahman said China is interested in giving Afghanistan more share in the “Belt and Road” project – which will connect China with Central Asia.

“The Afghan government has lots of plans and if India and China invest in these plans, it will be very important for the region. One of these projects is the implementation of the railway project that involves five countries in the region,” said Bahman.

In the meantime, Qader Shah, spokesman for the president’s National Security Adviser Hanif Atmar, said during his last visit to China, the NSA invited Chinese officials to send a delegation to Afghanistan in order to expand economic ties.

“The National Security Adviser in his meeting with Chinese officials invited them to send a delegation to Afghanistan to help us in resolving a number of problems that exist in mining projects such as Mes Aynak and Amu Darya Oil Zone,” Qader Shah said.

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a development strategy proposed by the Chinese government that focuses on connectivity and cooperation between Eurasian countries.

The Chinese government calls the initiative "a bid to enhance regional connectivity and embrace a brighter future.”
 
Himanshu said:
China-India Projects To Include ‘Railway Line’

The ministry of economy confirmed China and India are planning to implement joint development projects in Afghanistan.
View attachment 2539

The Ministry of Economy (MoE) on Sunday said China and India have agreed to implement joint development projects in Afghanistan and that a railway line between Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Iran and China is one of these projects.

MoE officials said Indian’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Chinese President Xi Jinping made the decision during their two-day summit in China that wrapped up on Saturday.

Although no details have been released about the joint projects the economic ministry said the railway line between Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Iran and China is one of the projects.

The ministry’s spokesman Suhrab Bahman said China is interested in giving Afghanistan more share in the “Belt and Road” project – which will connect China with Central Asia.

“The Afghan government has lots of plans and if India and China invest in these plans, it will be very important for the region. One of these projects is the implementation of the railway project that involves five countries in the region,” said Bahman.

In the meantime, Qader Shah, spokesman for the president’s National Security Adviser Hanif Atmar, said during his last visit to China, the NSA invited Chinese officials to send a delegation to Afghanistan in order to expand economic ties.

“The National Security Adviser in his meeting with Chinese officials invited them to send a delegation to Afghanistan to help us in resolving a number of problems that exist in mining projects such as Mes Aynak and Amu Darya Oil Zone,” Qader Shah said.

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a development strategy proposed by the Chinese government that focuses on connectivity and cooperation between Eurasian countries.

The Chinese government calls the initiative "a bid to enhance regional connectivity and embrace a brighter future.”
Click to expand...
😁
 
Increase presence in Afg and and make pact with China that, India will transport all goods with its own means till India China border. This will reduce transport time for China to reach it's populous cities even lesser than , from Gwadar.
This will boost Indian presence in IOR and its transportation too.
 
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screambowl said:
Increase presence in Afg and and make pact with China that, India will transport all goods with its own means till India China border. This will reduce transport time for China to reach it's populous cities even lesser than , from Gwadar.
This will boost Indian presence in IOR and its transportation too.
Click to expand...
You're such a genius , Sir . Honestly , I've asked you before , Are you an ex member of RAW? I'm astounded by your sense of geopolitics!
 
Actually this will not directly affect India, we're inc presence of Afghanistan and Iran is this region. Now pak will be forced to negotiate with Afghanistan to give access to India from pak though we may reject it. And this will counter CPEC presence too. Everyone wins beside pakistan. Indian presence is already there thats why China asked us.
 
Building critical infrastructure through Terrorist Warlords Hellhole Country (officially known as Afghanistan) doesn't seem like a good idea. I hope the railway construction workers will not get blown up too often.
 
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Himanshu said:
China-India Projects To Include ‘Railway Line’

The ministry of economy confirmed China and India are planning to implement joint development projects in Afghanistan.
View attachment 2539

The Ministry of Economy (MoE) on Sunday said China and India have agreed to implement joint development projects in Afghanistan and that a railway line between Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Iran and China is one of these projects.

MoE officials said Indian’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Chinese President Xi Jinping made the decision during their two-day summit in China that wrapped up on Saturday.

Although no details have been released about the joint projects the economic ministry said the railway line between Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Iran and China is one of the projects.

The ministry’s spokesman Suhrab Bahman said China is interested in giving Afghanistan more share in the “Belt and Road” project – which will connect China with Central Asia.

“The Afghan government has lots of plans and if India and China invest in these plans, it will be very important for the region. One of these projects is the implementation of the railway project that involves five countries in the region,” said Bahman.

In the meantime, Qader Shah, spokesman for the president’s National Security Adviser Hanif Atmar, said during his last visit to China, the NSA invited Chinese officials to send a delegation to Afghanistan in order to expand economic ties.

“The National Security Adviser in his meeting with Chinese officials invited them to send a delegation to Afghanistan to help us in resolving a number of problems that exist in mining projects such as Mes Aynak and Amu Darya Oil Zone,” Qader Shah said.

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a development strategy proposed by the Chinese government that focuses on connectivity and cooperation between Eurasian countries.

The Chinese government calls the initiative "a bid to enhance regional connectivity and embrace a brighter future.”
Click to expand...

Pakistan Reopens Major Trade Route With Afghanistan

Authorities had closed the remote Ghulam Khan border crossing in North Waziristan in 2014 after launching a major army-led counter-militancy offensive in the tribal district, once condemned as the “epicenter” of international terrorism.

Military officials say the Waziristan region has since been almost completely secured and rehabilitation as well as reconstruction activities are currently under way there.

Pakistani Prime Minister Shahid Khaqan Abbasi traveled to the tribal region on Monday and inaugurated a newly constructed terminal to formally resume cross-border trading activities.
 
A Person said:
Building critical infrastructure through Terrorist Warlords Hellhole Country (officially known as Afghanistan) doesn't seem like a good idea. I hope the railway construction workers will not get blown up too often.
Click to expand...
Major events are happening in a neighbouring country of Afghanistan in which a substantial portion of an ethnic community are getting fed up of the state.It could potentially change the region.It may also be a part of Trump's new South Asia Policy
 
India to Base Its Fighter Jets on Andaman & Nicobar Islands in Bengal Bay

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands host India's single tri-service command. Currently, fighter jets need to be flown in from the mainland, at least 1,200 km away. With the new air base on Great Nicobar, larger fighters like the Su-30MKI can be stationed on site.

New Delhi (Sputnik) — In a bid to augment its resources in the Indian Ocean Region, India's newly formed Defense Planning Council has decided to build an all-new permanent airbase on Great Nicobar Island, in addition to the present Carnic air force base on Car Nicobar Island. The airbase would be able to station larger aircraft like Su-30MKI and other combat assets.

Official sources told Sputnik on Thursday that the Defense Planning Council has ordered a feasibility study for the proposed air base on the Great Nicobar Island and has also decided to expedite the process of extending the present runway and other infrastructure at the Carnic air base and the nearby Baaz air station at Campbell Bay which is located 240 km from the mouth of the Strait of Malacca — a vital geo-strategic point which connects the South China Sea to the Indian Ocean.

Andaman and Nicobar Islands oversee one of the most strategically and economically important sea lanes passing through Malacca Strait. They have huge tourism and military potential. An airbase, nearly 800 km away from the mainland, will greatly increase the Indian Air Force and Indian Navy aircraft reach into the Indian Ocean. Su-30MKI with air refueling capability will be able to reach all possible target areas in South East Asia. It is a great decision with strategic implications in India's favor," Air Marshal (retired) Anil Chopra told Sputnik.

Apart from the two air bases, work on Shibpur naval air station has also been expedited where the Indian armed forces currently operate the Dornier, Mi-8, Chetak aircraft. The present runway length at Shibpur is over 1,000 meters where only a few defense aircraft can land. The runway length will be extended to 3000 meters for the operation of wide-bodied defense aircraft.

"A deepwater port at Kamorta is also being planned to enhance Indian maritime capability on the Eastern seaboard. On the Western coast, a bigger naval facility on the Minicoy island is being planned to beef up India's naval presence," Nitin A Gokhale, a security analyst and founder of BharatShakti said.

The Indian Armed Forces have been expanding their strength on the strategically important Andaman and Nicobar Islands since long. The Indian Navy has so far commissioned four of its eight amphibious landing craft at tri-service command headquarters in Port Blair. It has also stationed long-range maritime reconnaissance aircraft, the Poseidon 8I planes to keep a tab on the movement of Chinese submarines in the Indian Ocean. Soon, India's Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) will also set up a long-range missile facility on South Andaman's Rutland Island.
 
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A chain is only as strong as it's weakest link.

What Indian Navy needs to do is find points through which it can pass anything including an AC at will.
 
India Reinforces Strategic Partnership With Indonesia

Indonesia had extended economic and military access to India in Sabang. India and Indonesia have instituted a Joint Task Force to pursue connectivity in port infrastructure near Sabang which is strategically situated at the entrance of the Malacca Straits, a major chokepoint in maritime trade route.


India and Singapore Sign Logistic Cooperation Agreement

India and Singapore have reaffirmed their views on maritime security and have expressed a commitment to a rules-based order. The leaders of both countries have also agreed on the need to maintain an open, stable and fair international trade regime.

"Our defense ties have strengthened. Our navies have signed an agreement today on logistics cooperation and will also celebrate the 25th anniversary of the annual Singapore-India maritime bilateral exercise this year," the prime minister of Singapore, Lee Hsien Loong, said after a meeting with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

 
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